The monastic rule of Saint Benedict imposes silence in the chapel, dormitory and refectory. A monk who wishes to communicate in these places is permitted to use signs which are made with the hands. Ever since the 11 th century these signs have been assembled in lists for the use of novices. The size, composition and arrangement of the lists reflect the requirements and the spirituality of the individual monastic orders and they are adapted to local conditions. The excessive use (...) the Cistercians made of sign language was rejected and condemned by the other orders. (shrink)